Not really. You're right that there's something called the cephalic phase insulin response where your body might release a super mega teeny tiny literal-who nigger bit of insulin in anticipation of sweetness. But that response is so fucking small, inconsistent, minimal, and varies by sweetener, person, and context. Like literally preheating the oven levels of insulin, not full on metabolic warfare.Your body produces insulin in response to sugar, fake sugar tricks the body and creates an insulin response but doesn't break it down. Your body can become resistant to insulin and will need more. This is a well known fact. And has been documented.
Also there's no glucose spike, so there's literally nothing for the insulin to actually do. Your cells aren't getting flooded, your pancreas isn't in panic mode, and you're not somehow training your body to ignore insulin. The idea that this super small, occasional response leads to insulin resistance or diabetes is just speculative.
There's only a few cherry-picked rodent studies or correlation-heavy human ones with confounders everywhere that say that.
tl;dr: Artificial sweeteners don't work like sugar, your pancreas isn't that retarded, and metabolic disease is a bit more complicated than "Zero Sugar Dr.Pepper = diabeetus"